The Devil in the Shape of a Woman Free Essays

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman via Carol Karlsen (1987) adroitly centers consideration upon the female as witch in frontier New England, in this manner permitting a conversation of more extensive subjects in regards to the job and position of ladies in Puritan culture. Karlsen’s work, which has been generally welcomed, centers around the situation of denounced witches as to a great extent females put in problematic social and monetary positions, frequently in light of the fact that they remained to acquire, had acquired, or lost a legacy in property. Karlsen withdraws from the possibility that ladies blamed for black magic were tumultuous bums, a delineation â€Å"tantamount to accusing the victim† (Nissenbaum) and rather focuses to these â€Å"inheriting women† as being socially defenseless in a man centric culture. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Devil in the Shape of a Woman or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Karlsen’s work isn't only of chronicled importance to the Salem flare-up of 1692. Truth be told, â€Å"that year remains something of an anomaly† (Nissenbaum) as 33% of the charged witches at that point were male contrasted with short of what one-fifth of allegations made in any case in pioneer New England. Rather, Karlsen’s study takes â€Å"women firmly back to focal point of the audience, finding them in a rich man centric grid that incorporates it with class and family. † (Nissenbaum). One analyst noticed that inside this unique circumstance, Karlsen offers critical bits of knowledge. The first is a gander at the â€Å"ambivalent appraisal of ladies inside New England’s culture. † (Gildrie). Karlsen finds a situation set apart by its time and spot in which ladies exemplified the â€Å"Puritan perfect of ladies as righteous helpmeets† (Boyer). In an odd duality, ladies were both the new stewards of God’s profound authority on earth, while docile to a Medieval, misanthrope sex job which generally positioned their destiny on account of men. Also, Karlsen centers consideration around the informers and finds that they were occupied with a â€Å"fierce negotiation†¦ about the authenticity of female discontent, disdain, and outrage. † (Karlsen; see Gildrie). Allegations of black magic were frequently an outlet where this exchange bubbled over into savagery, as men abused female neighbors who compromised a built up, yet shaky, social request. The urgent proposition on which a great part of the book rests is that black magic allegations were regularly made against ladies who compromised the deliberate exchange of land from father to child †a procedure, best case scenario full of strain and nervousness and even under the least favorable conditions set apart by the move of scant, important properties starting with one family then onto the next by method of an interceding lady in a male centric legacy framework. The had young ladies assumed a double job in this â€Å"symbolic social drama† in which they opposed the social job to which they had been foreordained during childbirth by at the same time assenting in that job by opposing the â€Å"witch. In the case of nothing else, Karlsen’s ongoing work demonstrates that there is despite everything space for considerable investigation and grant encompassing black magic, sexual orientation, and different issues in frontier New England. One observer composes, â €Å"Karlsen’s study is provocative, wide-running, open, and honest. † (Lindholt). Another, that the book’s â€Å"descriptions and examinations remain all alone as significant commitments as far as anyone is concerned of witch legend and the vague status of ladies in early New England. † (Gildrie). Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, whose Salem Possessed set the standard for social chronicles of the episode in Salem, find that Karlsen’s work is one of â€Å"formidable scholarly power† and â€Å"a significant commitment to the investigation of New England black magic. † It puts the focal job of ladies as witches under the magnifying instrument and â€Å"for the first run through as the subject of fundamental analysis† an extensive 300 years after the occasions unfolded. Karlsen’s work is required perusing for the understudy, researcher, or general peruser trying to comprehend and decipher the wide image of frontier black magic in New England. Instructions to refer to The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, Papers

Concept, nature and limitation of financial accounting Essay

Bookkeeping is the way toward recording, arranging, summing up, examining and deciphering the money related exchanges of the business to serve the board and those gatherings who are keen on business, for example, investors, loan bosses, financiers, clients, workers and government. Accordingly, it is worried about money related detailing and dynamic parts of the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on Terminology proposed in 1941 that bookkeeping might be characterized as, â€Å"The craft of recording, arranging and summing up in a critical way and as far as cash, exchanges and occasions which are, to some degree in any event, of a money related character and deciphering the outcomes thereof†. Money related ACCOUNTING: The term ‘Accounting’ except if in any case explicitly expressed consistently alludes to ‘Financial Accounting’. Money related Accounting is usually carries on in the general workplaces of a business. It is worried about incomes, costs, resources and liabilities of a business house. Monetary Accounting has two-crease objective, viz, To find out the gainfulness of the business, and to know the money related situation of the worry. NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Money related bookkeeping is a helpful instrument to the board and to outer clients, for example, investors, potential proprietors, lenders, clients, representatives and government. It gives data with respect to the aftereffects of its tasks and the money related status of the business. Coming up next are the utilitarian zones of monetary bookkeeping:- Dealing with budgetary exchanges: Accounting as a procedure manages those exchanges which are quantifiable interms of cash. Anything which can't be communicated in money related terms does notform part of budgetary bookkeeping anyway critical it is. Recording of data: Accounting is a craft of recording monetary exchanges of a business concern. Thereis an impediment for human memory. It is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to recollect all exchanges ofthe business. In this way, the data is recorded in a lot of books called Journaland other auxiliary books and it is helpful for the executives in its choice makingâ process. Characterization of Data: The recorded information is organized in a way to bunch the exchanges of comparable nature at one spot so full data of these things might be gathered under various heads. This is done in the book called ‘Ledger’. For instance, we may have accounts called ‘Salaries’, ‘Rent’, ‘Interest’, Advertisement’, and so on. To check the arithmetical exactness of such records, preliminary equalization is readied. Making Summaries: The arranged data of the preliminary parity is utilized to get ready benefit and misfortune record and asset report in a way helpful to the clients of bookkeeping data. The last records are set up to discover operational productivity and money related quality of the business. Breaking down: It is the way toward setting up the connection between the things of the benefit andloss account and the asset report. The reason for existing is to distinguish the money related quality and shortcoming of the business. It additionally gives a premise to translation. Deciphering the money related data: It is worried about clarifying the importance and essentialness of the relationshipestablished by the examination. It ought to be helpful to the clients, in order to empower them totake right choices. Conveying the outcomes: The productivity and money related situation of the business as deciphered above arecommunicated to the invested individuals at ordinary interims in order to help them tomake their own decisions. Constraints OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Money related bookkeeping is worried about the planning of definite records. The business has become so mind boggling that negligible last records are not adequate in addressing monetary requirements. Budgetary bookkeeping resembles an after death report. At the most it can uncover what has happened up until now, yet it can't practice any power over the past happenings. The impediments of money related bookkeeping are as per the following: 1. It records just quantitative data. 2. It records just the chronicled cost. The effect of future vulnerabilities has no spot in budgetary bookkeeping. 3. It doesn't consider value level changes. 4. It gives data about the entire concern. Item savvy, process-wise, division insightful or data of some other line of action can't be gotten independently from the monetary bookkeeping. 5. Cost figures are not known ahead of time. In this manner, it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to fix the value inâ advance. It doesn't give data to increment or diminish the selling cost. 6. As there is no strategy for contrasting the real execution and that of the planned targets, it is unimaginable to expect to assess execution of the business. 7. It doesn't tell about the ideal or in any case of the quantum of benefit made and doesn't give the available resources to expand the benefits. 8. If there should arise an occurrence of misfortune, regardless of whether misfortune can be decreased or changed over into benefit by methods for cost control and cost decrease? Monetary bookkeeping doesn't address this inquiry. 9. It doesn't uncover which offices are performing admirably? Which ones are bringing about misfortunes and what amount is the misfortune for each situation? 10. It doesn't give the expense of items made 11. There is no methods given by money related bookkeeping to decrease the wastage. 12. Could the costs be decreased which brings about the decrease of item cost and provided that this is true, to what degree and how? No response to these inquiries. 13. It isn't useful to the administration in taking vital choices like substitution of benefits, presentation of new items, stopping of a current line, development of limit, and so on. 14. It gives adequate extension to control like overvaluation or undervaluation. This chance of control decreases the unwavering quality. 15. It is specialized in nature. An individual not acquainted with bookkeeping has minimal utility of the money related records.

Startup Hubs Around The World Cape Town

Startup Hubs Around The World Cape Town Another emerging hub for startups is Cape Town, South Africa. This formerly sleepy town is seen by some as Africa’s most happening location for technology startups. Among the many reasons for this rise are the falling bandwidth prices, an increase in funding availability and a new generation of entrepreneurs willing to take risks. © Shutterstock.com | michaeljungIn our continuing investigation of startup hubs around the world, we will take a look at 1) the location, 2) the tax incentives, 3) legal incentives, 4) investors, 5) specialization of the area, 6) local resources, and 7) startups to watch in Cape Town.LOCATIONAccording to entrepreneur Justin Stanford, founder of security company ESet Southern Africa and CEO of the investment holding company 4Di Capital,There has been an explosion in start-ups over the past three years. People are moving down to Cape Town from Johannesburg and were seeing some quitting their jobs to become entrepreneurs.Geographical BenefitsCape Town is the second most populated urban area in South Africa. It follows Johannesburg and is at par with Durban. The city was noted as the 10th most populous city in Africa as of 2014 and holds status as a primate, or leading, city with as much as 64% of the Western Cape’s population. The city serves as the provincial capital for the Western Cape and is also the legislative capital of the county, with the National Parliament based there.The city has always been popular with tourists and visitors for its majestic natural setting. This includes the harbor, the Cape Floristic Region and other landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. Another point of interest is that the city is extremely multicultural and is a popular destination for immigrants and expatriates. The city has been named the best place to visit by major world newspapers such as The New York Times and The Telegraph.Advantages of Choosing the CityCape Town boasts the highest number of successful information technology companies in all of Africa. This has led to the city becoming an important hub for industry for the whole continent. This also means that the IT industry is playing an important role in South Africa’s economy. In 2010, it was estimated that this industry was growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and was worth about R77 billion (about $6 bil lion) nationwide.In addition, the city was also named the most entrepreneurial city in South Africa. The average for entrepreneurial pursuits was three times higher in Cape Town than the national average. The city’s 18- to 64-year-old demographic is 190% more likely to pursue a new business while those from Johannesburg are 60% more likely to do so. These figures compare to the national average.A strong entrepreneurial ecosystem has led the area to be tagged as the Silicon Cape, homage to Silicon Valley. According to a 2013 report published by Wesgro, City of Cape Town and PwC, there are a few reasons for this comparison:Cultural Overlap with Silicon Valley Global entrepreneurs see some interesting similarities in the two areas. These include basic things such as the area being a networking hub for both wealthy entrepreneurs and technology geeks. The meeting locations for both these groups of people happen to be quirky coffee shops set against interesting architectural backdrops, speaking to creative and unconventional spirits often seen in tech entrepreneurship. Another key overlap is the local universities. Encouragement for research and academic innovation carry over to the surrounding business hubs.Talent There are many examples of strong successful entrepreneurs from this region, much like Silicon Valley. These include cloud computing leader Amazon Web Services, the first authority to issue Secure Socket Layer or SSL certificates to public entities outside the US (Thawte), and many others.Community Support Over the years, there have been many initiatives in the region to support the startup ecosystem. These include Bandwidth Barn, Silicon Cape Initiative, SABLE, RLabs, MIH Media Lab, Start-up Weekends and IBM Innovation Center.Access to Funding While this is a weaker area in Africa in general, the Western Cape region is a little ahead of the others and is considered somewhat better off. Special mentions in this report include Knife Capital, 4Di Capital, Invenfin, World of Avatar, and AngelHub, among others.University Research Another benefit of the region is that technology companies often fund research at local universities. An example is a Samsung funded lab for the development of mobile applications at the University of Cape Town. Other such examples are seen in the Center for Information and Communication Technologies for Development and the Center for IT and National Development in Africa. Both these centers research the use of technology to address development issues. These centers receive funding from a Berlin-based Institute called Hasso-Plattner, but also receive support from Microsoft and Nokia.IT InfrastructureAs of 2011, the city completed a R125 million ($10 million) and 500 km optic fiber network project. This led to a bandwidth increase of 1000 times for the entire city. The project aimed to first provide broadband services to local municipal services at a lower cost and then lease the rest of the capacity out to ot her network users.TAX INCENTIVESThe tax rules and regulations are still an evolving area for potential entrepreneurs and investors. According to FNB CEO Michael Jordaan, in addition to an established reputation as an IT and asset management hub in Africa, Cape Town needs to build up the venture financing voids and offer better tax breaks to ensure that entrepreneurial activity continues to grow.This year, the Minister of Finance announced lower tax rates for micro enterprises which fit the criteria for a special tax dispensation. This announcement is part of a few different efforts by the government to offer better tax concessions to small businesses. Measures include an increased threshold to qualify for tax payment and a lower maximum rate. In addition, the South African Revenue Service plans to create small business desks in its offices to help small businesses meet tax requirements.For venture capitalists, there are also some new rules including tax-free grants for small busines ses. Any organization that is working on supporting small businesses also qualifies for tax relief. Though the expected slow growth of the economy allows little room for any major tax concessions, there is still the option to provide support for micro enterprises. This is so because the tax netted by the turnover tax is a very small amount. This was a few million rand in 2013/2014 as compared to the R179 billion (about $14 billion) from corporate tax for the same period. The government has also announced that there will be no more Small Business Corporation (SBC) tax from the beginning of next year and a tax credit will take its place instead. This move may be detrimental to those small businesses that are creating jobs. Other similar countries are working on expanding their special tax dispensations instead. Bolder tax incentives and breaks may be more supportive of the startup ecosystem in the long run.One positive move is the electronic tender portal introduced by the national tr easury in April. This move will help small businesses work for the government in more affordable and transparent ways.LEGAL INCENTIVESEmerging economies seldom encourage foreign entrepreneurs to set up shop in the country. There is a fear that local jobs will be stolen and the visitors may be non-taxpayers. While many of these economies are making a change to encourage new businesses, South Africa is not one of these so far. In 2013, a bill was withdrawn which was aimed to ensure that all new businesses obtained licenses to operate. There is speculation that this was done to control increasing numbers of foreign traders. In 2014, fresh immigration regulations also came into play which allow a business to be set up only if the staff is 60% South Africans or permanent residents of the country. This is up from 5 people previously. There also needs to be proof that the business will benefit South Africa. This may end up stopping new ideas and talents from entering into the economy, whic h is seen by many as stagnating.Another legal issue centers on intellectual property. Any IP created in South Africa has a difficult time making its way out of the country as the government does not let go of tax incomes. This is a very protectionist method that makes global exits difficult and bound by much red tape.INVESTORSBelow are a few basic investment options in South Africa.Angel InvestorsThough this avenue for securing funding for a startup may not be as developed in South Africa as it is in the US or Europe, there are some options available to the entrepreneur. Angel investors are present in groups to cover probable risks of early stage investment. There is also a rise in popularity of global angel investors through online platforms such as Seedrs  (UK),  SeedInvest,  AngelList  (US) and  Startup Stock Exchange  (global). Some local options include:AngelHub â€" This is a network of angel investors who pool their funding as well as expertise and networks to help startup gro wth.Michael Jordaan Mike Ratcliffe â€" Entrepreneurs themselves, these two have made an angel investment in a social wine review service called Real Time Wine.GovernmentThe government of South Africa is making attempts to support new businesses, but the initiatives are often diverging and there is no single point of entry. This makes the government support route a challenging one for new businesses. Some good options include the Department of Trade and Industry’s pilot programs such as Support Programme for Industrial Innovation (SPII) and the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA). The Industrial Development Corporation also supports industrial development projects through financial means. Technological innovation is developed and nurtured by the Technology Innovation Agency. The official destination marketing, investment and trade promotion agency for the Western Cape (Wesgro) also works to promote entrepreneurship.Venture CapitalThis is the first choice for many early-stag e startups which happen to be both high potential and high risk. A list of such firms can be found at South African Venture Capital Private Equity Association  (SAVCA). Known tech startup investors include:Hasso Plattner Ventures Africa4Di CapitalIntel CapitalKnife CapitalPrivate EquityThese firms are more focused on taking the business further along its development than a venture finance firm does and helping to structure it for optimal financial performance. Some key ones for South Africa include:Ethos Private EquityAcorn EquityHorizon EquitySanlam Private EquityBanksAnother option is bank loans which are generally the last option for most entrepreneurs because of the strict criteria for funding options. According to independent research by BMI and the competition commission in 2011, only 24% of startup businesses are funded through banks. Some banks are, however, working on getting their hand into the entrepreneurial ecosystem.CrowdfundingCrowdfunding is a popular means of raisi ng money all over the world with a number of global platforms readily available. Among these are platforms that are specifically supportive of new businesses and allow the growth of an investment portfolio through small individual investments. There is minimum risk in this type of investment. The method is not always successful for all businesses, so it is often used in conjunction with other methods. The most popular platform for crowdfunding in South Africa is Crowdinvest, while RainFin is another compelling but smaller option.SPECIALIZATIONStellenbosch University and the University of Cape Town are top South African universities. In fact, these are known for their premier technical facilities and excellent talent throughout Africa. The central team that developed an integral part of Amazon Web Services hails from the region. This naturally means that tech-based startups are strong in the area and are more prominent than in other areas. Specifically, Cape Town has been identified as an up-and-coming hub for technology and life sciences in a report from a study conducted by the Global Technology Emerging Markets. The two universities also have concentrations of students with a combined education in medicine and engineering, making them uniquely poised for many global organizations. According to the report:“Cape Town stood out because of a combination of factors, including favorable business climate, skilled talent particularly in engineering, an emerging startup culture, excellent infrastructure, presence of quality institutions of higher education, and favorable rents in a global context (25 per cent of those in the San Francisco Bay Area) and particularly in contrast to Johannesburg.” LOCAL RESOURCESSome local resources organizations for the startup ecosystem are listed below. These companies are helping to raise the region’s profile as a startup hub and area of innovation.Bandwidth Barn â€" This is a leading ICT business incubator worldwide and has b een in operation since 2000. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CiTi. It’s over 50 successful graduates bring in revenue of more than R800 million (about $62 million) yearly to the economy.Silicon Cape Initiative â€" This is a non-profit private sector community organization that has been functional since 2009. The aim is to build up an ecosystem in the Western Cape to bring in local and foreign investors, talent and entrepreneurs.SABLE â€" This is the South African Business Link to Experts and is an accelerator. The group is an international one and is dedicated to supporting South African entrepreneurs.SMILe â€" This is the UCT Samsung Mobile Innovation Laboratory and is Samsung’s premier innovation unit in Africa. The aim is to help increase mobile innovation and skills development.STARTUPS TO WATCHA few top startups to watch for from the region are discussed below:Mellowcab.  Among the many taxi startups coming out of South Africa, Mellowcabs is showing great potent ial. International players such as Uber are making the market tougher to crack and Mellowcab has a unique model and targets a niche. The rides are all free and the costs are offset through banner ads on the vehicles. These are 100% electric vehicles and the green side of the business is an added advantage.Gust Pay.  Wearable tech is the next big trend and Gust Pay is placed well to take advantage of this trend with its mobile payment app and NFC wristband technology. The wristband technology makes mobile payment convenient and efficient. A test run was conducted at the 2013 Rocking the Daisies festival in Cape Town. The tech has applications for large-scale events such as conferences and sports games.SPOTTM.  This is another Cape Town-based mobile startup. It is a crowdsourced crime fighting app. The tech is real time and allows victims or witnesses of crime to report the felony to thousands of people in the area. The idea is like a neighborhood watch on a larger scale.

Advantages Of Sweatshops Essay - 1064 Words

Lageju Krischal 1 Ashley Garcia Casas ESL 400 October 27, 2017 Final draft Sweatshops: worth the price? A sweatshop is the place that has a poor working condition, where workers are paid very low wage thought they work for longer hours. A ‘sweatshop’ is defined by the US department of Labor as a factory that violates 2 or more labor laws. Sweatshops are common in poor and developing countries. Basically, they possess three major characteristics – long hours, low pay and unsafe or unhealthy working conditions. On the other hands it has been one†¦show more content†¦Sweatshops also helps in developing the infrastructure of the country. Besides raising the life standard of the workers, it also helps in raising the economy of the country. One of the good things is that companies need to pay taxes to the government which directly help to boost the economy of the country. Furthermore, a successful investment in poor countries will send message to other potential investors that there is a stable environment for inves tment, leading in more investment, job opportunities and prosperity in the country. This have standardized the global economy. Many technologies are introduced by the sweatshops in the country. Besides it also helps in developing the infrastructure. As these factories need proper transportation, communication, digital technologies, etc., it helps in developing it. I also agree that sweatshops are not good all the time. Obviously, there are some bad sides of sweatshops. The first thing is that people need to work in the horrific condition putting their life in risk. Sometimes it’s like your worst nightmare. They are a curse for human rights. They do not care about the workers they are working for side workers are allowed to work for longer hours without any food and break. They have always been criticized for their violation against child labor and human rights. There are many cases where workers are abused. They are accused verbally,Show MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Sweatshop s1475 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor component includes the use of sweatshops in countries with struggling economies. Businesses take advantage of struggling economies in order to generate the most profit possible. Poor nations have no other choice to accept the unreasonably low offers made by businesses since few alternatives are available. Additionally, weak economies allow sweatshops because they pay workers well in relation to the average income of the nation. However, the use of sweatshops hurts the struggling nations by leavingRead MoreEssay about Globalization: History, Trends, and Technologies709 Words   |  3 Pagestrade, the free flow of capital and advantage taken of foreign labor markets. First off, free trade has barriers from one another at different levels. 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Fracking Present Issues Today s Operational And Global...

Mirelly Robalino Professor White Analytical Reading and Writing March 28, 2017 Fracking: Present Issues In today’s operational and global economy, energy is considered one the most sought out and fundamental commodities. While an individual’s environmental role plays a vital role in their overall health; there are more specific geographic areas having instrumental actions that take part in shaping an individuals’ health. Where and who the supplies come from as well as the amount of production often determine how much influence they have over growing nations as well as having an impact on the global economy. Unfortunately, people who live near toxic wastes or byproducts of industrialized energy often have a body that is in constant†¦show more content†¦Seeing as though if persistent of rapid expansion of production and rapid change of technology is what may be the underlying cause of the impacts both issues face. But the growth has also brought questions about whether both current and future production can be done in an environmentally sound fashion that m eets the needs of public trust. Negligence is also an important factor that usually intensifies with time. For instance, an article written by Melanie R. Kay on â€Å"Environmental Negligence: A Proposal for a New Cause of Action for the Forgotten Innocent Owners of Contaminated Land† conveys the reality of how a simple landowner who has neglected the ideas that by â€Å"illegally dumped several barrels of toxic contaminants each year, either to avoid disposal fees or simply because he did not know he was doing anything wrong.† (149) Thus, now leaving the effects of the pollution and the responsibility of solving the issue to the next landowner to deal with. In hydraulic fracturing environments, this is very common. Similarly, if a gas and oil company were to drill for shale gas near one’s home, they – by law – are permitted to drill near one’s soil unless you are the owner of the land. This is where the companies offer large amount of money to buy your land knowing that t he consequences to the nearbyShow MoreRelatedThe Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass Production Of Technology1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe economy is making progress because of the mass production of technology. Due to globalization, innovations of technology has created an economic growth and made communication easy. A challenge that humanity must face, is the skill of cultural diversity. These conditions are altered because of the renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations. (Ogohi) Many people in the 21st century benefit because of accessibility, whereas the Romans during the 1st century received information from beingRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages......................................................1   EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................2   Major  Issues ....................... .................................................................................................................................................2   Key  Analysis...............................................................

Irving Fisher Free Essays

BIOGRAPHY 20. 1  Irving Fisher  (1867 -1947) Irving Fisher was born at Saugerties, New York, the son of a Congregational minister. As did his father, Fisher studied at Yale. We will write a custom essay sample on Irving Fisher or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mathematics was his favorite subject. He won first prize in a math contest even as a freshman; his doctoral dissertation,Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices  (1892), was a landmark in the development of mathematical economics. This dissertation won immediate praise from no lesser figures than Francis Y. Edgeworth and Vilfredo Pareto, two renowned economists. Some 55 years later, Ragnar Frisch (eventual winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Economic Science) would say about Fisher: â€Å"He has been anywhere from a decade to two generations ahead of his time †¦. it will be hard to find any single work that has been more influential than Fisher’s dissertation. † It is no wonder that Fisher was a full professor of political economy at Yale within seven years of graduation. He stayed there during his entire career. Fisher’s main contributions lie in the theory of utility and consumer choice, the theory of interest and capital, and the theory of statistics (index numbers, distributed lags). These contributions are reflected in such works as  The Nature of Capital and Income  (1906),  The Theory of Interest  (1907),  The Purchasing Power of Money  (1911) -a great pioneering venture in econometrics – and  The Making of Index Numbers  (1922). In the  Making of Index Numbers, Fisher tested many of the formulas introduced in this chapter by the criteria also discussed here. The few formulas that got superlative ratings (such as the  Edgeworth index  and Fisher’s own  ideal index) include quantity (or price) weights from  both  of the time periods or geographic areas involved in the price (or quantity) comparison that is being made. However, the inclusion of two sets of weights tends to make the construction of such indexes costly, which is the major reason why these highly rated indexes are rarely used. (One exception: The Bureau of Foreign Commerce of the U. S. Department of Commerce calculates monthly quantity indexes of exports and imports using Fisher’s formula. ) The works cited above established Fisher’s reputation as the country’s greatest scientific economist. As such, he served as president of the American Economic Association and was a founder and the first president of the Econometric Society. He also played a major role in the establishment of the Cowles Foundation (now at Yale) as a means to nurture mathematical and quantitative research in economics. How to cite Irving Fisher, Essay examples

The Jabberwocky poem Essay Example

The Jabberwocky poem Paper How Does Through The Looking Glass Compare To The Usual Childrens Stories Acceptable in The Victorian Era And How Lewis Carrolls Childrens Novels May Have Influenced 20th Century Authors. Through The Looking Glass was written by Lewis Carroll in 1872. The story is about a little girl called Alice, a character based on Alice Liddell, one of the daughters of the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. The book is very different from other stories written at the time; Lewis Carroll takes his heroine, Alice, into a world of fantasy to be found behind her lounge mirror. Alice is made into a very independent little girl, making many of her own decisions and at times being quite rude. This would not have been how a child would have behaved in Victorian Society; they were seen and not heard! Once through the looking glass Alice finds herself in a world where everything is back to front: she has to walk towards the house to walk in the garden and events are felt before they happen: the White Queen puts a bandage on her finger, then screams with pain and then pricks her finger. All the animals and flowers in the book are given human characteristics and can talk. We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabberwocky poem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabberwocky poem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabberwocky poem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer she spoke again, in a timid voice-almost in a whisper. And can all the flowers talk? As well as you can, said the Tiger-Lily. And a great deal louder. She also meets nursery rhyme characters such as Humpty Dumpty who is acting out his nursery rhyme exactly. Alice finds herself in a long and complicated game of chess in which she is a pawn and has to follow certain moves to become a queen and reach the end of the game; once again the chess pieces are given human characteristics. At the end of the book Alice finds that the red queen has turned into her kitten and that she is still sitting in her lounge. The whole episode has been a dream. There are no morals or messages in this book. Aesops fables are a good example of childrens stories with morals. Mainly using animals, like Lewis Carrolls given human characteristics, to act out a story with a moral ending. In The Hare and The Tortoise two animals race each other. The hare knows he is faster than the tortoise and decides to take a rest; he falls asleep and wakes up just in time to see the tortoise win. Meanwhile, the slow old tortoise had been plodding on doggedly. He passed the tree and the sleeping hare. Then he passed the winning post. The moral of this is Slow and steady can win the race. In Aesops tales animals are used to illustrate stories and the roles they play show their true way of life: In The Hare and The Tortoise the hare was fast and the tortoise slow. In Through The Looking Glass the animals take on roles that are not natural to them and are pure fantasy. Similarly in the Beatrix Potter books animals are clothed, able to speak and take on human characters as can be seen by Mrs Tiggywinkle doing the washing. Roald Dahls book The BFG written in1982 is similar to Through The Looking Glass in some ways. The heroine, a little girl called Sophie, is a normal child and has no strange or imaginary powers. Like Alice she is very independent and makes all her own decisions. Unlike Lewis Carrolls book the main characters in the stories i. e. the giants are totally imaginary and use made up words and eat made up foods. Sophie said: What do you drink? Frobscottle, announced the BFG. All giants is drinking frobscottle. They live a totally imaginary existence unlike any human being. Roald Dahl also introduces some real life characters into his book like the Queen and her staff and the Armed Forces. Like Alice, Sophie is given great influence over these people. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone by J. K. Rowling written in 1997 Harry looks like a normal boy and to a certain extent acts like a normal boy but, unlike Alice and Sophie, is given magical powers. Objects are given magical powers like the broomsticks. Harrys broom jumped into his hand at once, but it was one of the few that did. Mystical creatures such as dragons appear, but none of these take on human characteristics. In the nonsense verse, which was so popular at this time, especially that by Edward Lear, creatures are totally imaginary and bear no resemblance to living creatures. In The Dong With The Luminous Nose the Dong is an imaginary creature living in a totally imaginary place and all the names are made up. Landing at Eve near the Zemmery Fidd Where the oblong oysters grow. This is similar to Through The Looking Glass where Alice enters an imaginary world and also to a certain extent in Harry Potter where Harry goes through the wall at the railway station to find platform 9 3/4 and the Hogwarts Express and many of the other place settings are made up. The barrier was coming nearer and nearer-he wouldnt be able to stop-the trolley was out of control-he was a foot away-he closed his eyes ready for the crash- It didnt come.. he kept on running.. he opened his eyes. A scarlet steam engine was waiting next to a platform crowded with people. In The BFG real places are mixed with imaginary as you have the caves where the giants live but then the main parts of the story take place in London at Buckingham Palace. Lewis Carroll uses nonsense poems in his story such as The Walrus And The Carpenter where the walrus and the carpenter take all the little oysters for a walk and end up eating them! But answer came there none- And this was scarcely odd, because Theyd eaten every one! The oysters are again given human characteristics by mentioning their shoes and making them able to talk and walk on two feet. Poems do not play a big part in either The BFG or Harry Potter. The language in Through The Looking Glass is very correct. The grammar is as you would expect a Victorian book to be written. The text is quite clear and easy to follow. Lewis Carroll does use many puns throughout the book. It sounds like a horse, Alice thought to herself. And an extremely small voice, close to her ear, said, you might make a joke on that- something about horse and hoarse you know. The same can be said of Aesops Fables that are written very clearly and for a younger child, using simple words. Some of the language used by Lewis Carroll is very adult and long words are used that a child may not know the meaning of. In Aesops Fables a child could easily read and understand the text. J. K. Rowling also writes in a way that a child can understand, once again the book is very grammatical and clearly written. In some instances she uses made up words to name items, objects and animals that are imaginary and made up purely for the story. This balls called the Quaffle, said Wood. The chasers throw the Quaffle to each other and try to get it through one of the hoops to score a goal. Roald Dahl writes so a child can easily understand what the story is about. In The BFG there are a lot of made up words used by the giants and the BFG, himself, talks very ungrammatically. Is you quite snugly there in your nightie? he asked. You isnt fridgy cold? In Through The Looking Glass all of the speech by the characters is grammatical and correct. However, in the Nonsense verse included in the book Lewis Carroll makes up words, especially in the Jabberwocky poem. Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.

Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people The WritePass Journal

Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people Abstract Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people Abstract1. IntroductionIn this report I will investigate the issues that visually impaired people are facing when using human computer interfaces, especially with the touch screen phone HTC Hero.1.1 Physical factors associated with visually impaired people and impact on the use of technologyMaking the most of technology can have a very positive impact, helping people who are blind and partially sighted to increase their independence and more importantly feel and be as equal as normal sighted people.1.2 What is accessibility?1.3 Considerations of human physical factors when developing a mobile phone for a visually impaired person2. Review of HTC Hero2.1 Usability testing (the Heuristic evaluation)   2.1.2. Hardware2.1.2 Software2.1.3. Services2.2 Nielsens Ten Usability Heuristics3. Personal suggested improvements3.1 Audio Input and Output3.2 Tactile Input and Output3.3 Touch screen advances3.4 Introduce Mobile Magnifier3.5 Follow W3C Guidelines for Mobile Web Services4. Conclusion5. ReferencesRelated Abstract Touch screen technology has progressed a lot in the past few years and introduced a wave of various new touch screen based devices. Most of the touch screens are still not accessible to blind users, who have to take on various other ways to use them and to make them accessible. Touch screens are inaccessible to the people with visual impairment because the human computer interface technique involves the user to visually locate objects on the screen and they do not provide verbal output to communicate where controls are located on the screen or what control the user has selected. 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate the accessibility of the HTC Hero mobile phone for visually impaired people, in particular people that have totally lost their vision (referred as blind people) and people with partially lost vision (referred as partially sighted people or partially blind). ‘The World Health Organization (WHO) defines blindness as severe sight loss, where a person is unable to see clearly how many fingers are being held up at a distance of 3m (9.8 feet) or less, even when they are wearing glasses or contact lenses. However, someone who is blind may still have some degree of vision’. Also the‘ WHO defines partial sightedness as where a person cannot clearly see how many fingers are being held up at a distance of 6m (19 feet) or less, even when they are wearing glasses or contact lenses’. The HTC Hero has touch screen technology as the main means to input and output information. Additional issues for accessibility have been brought in as touch screen technology is being introduced to interfaces. In this report I will investigate the issues that visually impaired people are facing when using human computer interfaces, especially with the touch screen phone HTC Hero. 1.1 Physical factors associated with visually impaired people and impact on the use of technology People with total or partial blindness have decreased ability to perform the activities of daily living. Total and partial blindness affect a persons ability to read, to determine the colour of items, and general day to day activities. These people must rely on memory or depend on someone else for help. Visually impaired people rely on the technology to make their daily living easier. As visually impaired people can’t see where they walk, they run the risk of falling down much more than sighted people, therefore having mobile phone can be potentially life saver. Also, visually impaired people are less likely to be doing activities like normal sighted people, so having a mobile phone is like their eyes to the world i.e. they can reach out to people at any time and feel less isolated. The technology can help visually impaired people interact with others and communicate more effectively. Also the technology can enable visual impaired people to have more access to information, become more independent and achieve their individual aims and goals in life. The market is flooded with a variety of mobile phones, but not all of them are easily usable by people with visual impairments. It is important that technology should assist visually impaired people of all ages. Making the most of technology can have a very positive impact, helping people who are blind and partially sighted to increase their independence and more importantly feel and be as equal as normal sighted people. 1.2 What is accessibility? According to Gnome, ‘Accessibility means helping people with disabilities to participate in substantial life activities. That includes work and the use of services, products, and information’. From the definition, the understanding is that accessibility is the level to which something is accessible or usable by people with disabilities. For information technology, accessibility will mean people with disabilities be able to use software, hardware and other services that are designed and available for sighted people. Software, hardware and other services should be universally designed. Article 2 from The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, says that: Universal design means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. â€Å"Universal design† shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed. 1.3 Considerations of human physical factors when developing a mobile phone for a visually impaired person If we compare the mobile phones from a decade ago to todays phones, we notice that mobile phones are getting more and more complicated. In the past, all input was done via a keypad which could have been used by visually impaired people, because keypads had raised dot or raised bar on the 5 key which made it easy for visually impaired person to navigate and dial a number. Nowadays, with most mobile phones we use a touch screen or buttons and interact at any time; we can browse the internet, check our emails, take pictures and chat with friends. A visually impaired person will not be able to see the screen of the mobile phone, or navigate through the touch phone’s screen. It appears that as we are getting more advanced in the technology of mobile phones the accessibility has not improved at the same rate as the advancement in the technology. A visually impaired person cannot read the screen, cannot input information or read the output on a touch screen, and there isn’t an audible device to inform where they are navigating or have touched the phone. Therefore it is very important when developing mobile phones to take into account that visually impaired people can hear, can feel different surfaces with their fingers, but cannot read and navigate via a touch screen. 2. Review of HTC Hero The HTC Hero is a small, all-in-one device that is used for communication and computing functions. It enables us to choose the applications we want to install and use, as well as personalize the range of applications to suit our needs. Picture 1: Main Screen of HTC Hero mobile phone. Source: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) We can note from the main screen of the HTC Hero mobile phone (See Picture 1) that the standard keypad has been omitted and touch screen technology is used, the human computer interaction is done by touching the screen for input and output. For a person to be able to make even a phone call on HTC Hero they need to see where on the screen they are touching; in other terms, the user of the phone interacts directly by seeing what they are touching. 2.1 Usability testing (the Heuristic evaluation) The international standard ISO 9241 Part 11 (www.iso.org) defines usability as; â€Å"The extent to which a product or system can be used by users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use† Based on this definition for usability, the further understanding is that is a system or product is not accessible, consequentially is not usable to the set of users that are unable to access it. Below is a brief heuristic evaluation of the HTC Hero mobile phone, to determine if it is accessible to a visually impaired person. The heuristic evaluation is broken into three sections: Hardware Software Services    2.1.2. Hardware Hardware is the physical mobile phone Picture 2: HTC Hero. Source: engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) The HTC Hero is very slim, light in weight, and can be held in the palm. The phone has definite shape and definite front/back/top/bottom to inform us which way round it should be used. The visual information displayed on the main screen is in immediate contrast with the background and is clear, but visually impaired person will not be able to see it. The phone has a white track ball (see arrow on Pic. 2) and touchpad. The track ball enables movement between screens and selects some services. A visually impaired person will not be able to see on which application or screen the trackball has stopped. The HTC Hero has 6 buttons located on the bottom of the phone, their colour is in contrast with the immediate background, and a visually impaired person by touching will recognize that there are buttons. The buttons are easy to press and have a positive â€Å"click† feel when pressed (although no noise is heard), which means that a visually impaired person will know they have pressed a button but not know the output function of the button pressed as there is no Braille labeling of buttons. A visually impaired person will not be able to see that the HTC Hero is compatible with other devices such as USB cable and Wi-Fi and there are no instructions in alternative media (such as Braille or audio). 2.1.2 Software The HTC Hero supports input and output via the touchpad. The input and output methods are via touchpad and they restrain the blind or partially sighted user from accessing the mobile phone. The software does not play an audible sound when an action is committed such as pressing a button, and the visually impaired person will not know on what is the function of the button pressed. The software does have speakerphone functionality, however the visually impaired person will not know how to access and navigate it. The HTC Hero does not have tactile input or output, such as Braille, to assist visually impaired users. 2.1.3. Services Services represent applications that can be accessed by touching an icon on the screen (See picture 3). Picture 3: HTC Hero applications and services. Source: engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) If the user wants to make a phone call they need to touch an icon on the screen (see arrow on Picture 3) and HTC hero will display list of all contacts. (See Picture 5). Picture 4: HTC Hero – List of Contacts and numerical keyboard. Source: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) From pictures 3 and 4, it is noticeable that the input commands are on a touch screen, and the visually impaired person will not be able to use these functions on the smartphone HTC Hero. The HTC Hero doesn’t have audio, Braille controls or magnifier to navigate to assist the visually impaired person to select an application or service such as the web services. Also, the web services have not been designed following the W3C guidelines for Mobile Web Best Practices. 2.2 Nielsens Ten Usability Heuristics (Taken from Nielsens website www.useit.com ) Visibility of system status Match between system and the real world User control and freedom Consistency and standards Error prevention Recognition rather than recall Flexibility and efficiency of use Aesthetic and minimalist design Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors Help and documentation 3. Personal suggested improvements The HTC Hero has excluded tactile information and there is a lack of facilities to enable visually impaired people to access the information displayed on the touch screen. There is also a lack of audible input and output which makes it inaccessible to visually impaired people. Below are several personal suggestions that could improve the accessibility and usability of the HTC Hero for visually impaired people: 3.1 Audio Input and Output Introducing a form of Audio Input and Output functionality to the software will make an enormous difference to the HTC Hero. One suggestion would be a system where the user can press an icon on the touchpad and the phone audibly informs the user which icon the have pressed and navigates them to the next logical steps. 3.2 Tactile Input and Output Adding tactile input and output functionality to the HTC Hero could potentially help visually impaired people. The system should have the option to switch Braille on and off. Although Braille literacy is very low in number (only 2% of UK blind people can read Braille) this functionality within the software should not be omitted. 3.3 Touch screen advances A major improvement on touch screen accessibility would be made by adopting the audio-haptic interface techniques to allow non-visual access to touch screen appliances, as suggested per Vanderheiden’s Talking Fingertip Technique (Vanderheiden 2010). The Talking Fingertip Technique is a touch screen that speaks the descriptive names of the controls as the user accesses the screen by touch. 3.4 Introduce Mobile Magnifier Adding an assisted device such as a Mobile Magnifier would help partially sighted people on touch screen phone of the HTC Hero. The mobile magnifier enlarges and enhances the readability of the screen. 3.5 Follow W3C Guidelines for Mobile Web Services The HTC Hero could adopt the W3C Guidelines for developing Mobile Web Services to improve the accessibility for visually impaired people. 4. Conclusion In this report I have investigated the issues of accessibility faced by visually impaired people when using human computer interface, in particular the touch screen mobile phone. I have used the example of the HTC Hero mobile phone for a case study of accessibility and usability. I have evaluated it against the current accessibility and usability guidelines. During my research, I have found several issues that should be addressed if the HTC Hero is to become accessible and usable by visually impaired people. These issues include a lack of usage of assisted devices such as: audio input and output tactile input and output magnifier for visually impaired people not following the W3C Guidelines for Mobile Web Services I have suggested several improvements to the HTC Hero that can be made by using existing technology. These suggestions for improvements include following W3C guidelines for improving accessibility for mobile phones, introducing audio input and output, tactile input and output, adoption the Vanderheiden’s Talking Fingertip Technique and possibly the adoption of mobile magnifier. Hopefully, these suggestions will help developers to add accessibility to their applications in a way that is straight forward for the developer and intuitive for the user. 5. References Definition for blindness and partial blind: nhs.uk/conditions/Visual-impairment/Pages/Introduction.aspx   (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Definition of Accessibility, Gnome: http://library.gnome.org/devel/accessibility-devel-guide/stable/gad.html.en (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Definition of usability: iso.org/iso/ (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Mobile Magnifier, sightandsound.co.uk/products/?category=1subcat=31minorcat=8 (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011). Pictures1, 2 3: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Picture 4: engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Statistics about Braille literacy: webbie.org.uk/webbie.htm (Last Accessed 26 Feb 2011). UN convention for the rights of people with disabilities: un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml (Last Accessed 26 Feb 2011). Use of audio-haptic interface (Vanderheiden) http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/touchscreen/chi_conf.htm (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011). W3C guidelines for Mobile w3.org/TR/mobile-bp/   (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011).

Rostows Stages of Economic Growth and Development

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth and Development Geographers often seek to categorize places using a scale of development, frequently dividing nations into the developed and developing, first world and third world, or core and periphery. All of these labels are based on judging a countrys development, but this raises the question: what exactly does it mean to be developed, and why have some countries developed while others have not? Since the beginning of the twentieth century, geographers and those involved with the vast field of Development Studies have sought to answer this question, and in the process, have come up with many different models to explain this phenomenon. W.W. Rostow and the Stages of Economic Growth One of the key thinkers in twentieth-century Development Studies was W.W. Rostow, an American economist, and government official. Prior to Rostow, approaches to development had been based on the assumption that modernization was characterized by the Western world (wealthier, more powerful countries at the time), which were able to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Accordingly, other countries should model themselves after the West, aspiring to a modern state of capitalism and liberal democracy. Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity and 5) age of high mass consumption. The model asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum, and climb upward through each stage in the development process: Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.Preconditions to Take-off: Here, a society begins to develop manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook.Take-off: Rostow describes this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.Drive to Maturity: This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, the use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.Age of High Mass Consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last developed stage. Here, a countrys economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass productio n and consumerism. Rostows Model in Context Rostows Stages of Growth model is one of the most influential development theories of the twentieth century. It was, however, also grounded in the historical and political context in which he wrote. Stages of Economic Growth was published in 1960, at the height of the Cold War, and with the subtitle A Non-Communist Manifesto, it was overtly political. Rostow was fiercely anti-communist and right-wing; he modeled his theory after western capitalist countries, which had industrialized and urbanized. As a staff member in President John F. Kennedys administration, Rostow promoted his development model as part of U.S. foreign policy. Rostows model illustrates a desire not only to assist lower-income countries in the development process but also to assert the United States influence over that of communist Russia. Stages of Economic Growth in Practice: Singapore Industrialization, urbanization, and trade in the vein of Rostows model are still seen by many as a roadmap for a countrys development. Singapore is one of the best examples of a country that grew in this way and is now a notable player in the global economy. Singapore is a southeast Asian country with a population of over five million, and when it became independent in 1965, it did not seem to have any exceptional prospects for growth. However, it industrialized early, developing profitable manufacturing and high-tech industries. Singapore is now highly urbanized, with 100% of the population considered urban. It is one of the most sought-after trade partners in the international market, with a higher per-capita income than many European countries. Criticisms of Rostows Model As the Singapore case shows, Rostows model still sheds light on a successful path to economic development for some countries. However, there are many criticisms of his model. While Rostow illustrates faith in a capitalist system, scholars have criticized his bias towards a western model as the only path towards development. Rostow lays out five succinct steps towards development and critics have cited that all countries do not develop in such a linear fashion; some skip steps or take different paths. Rostows theory can be classified as top-down, or one that emphasizes a trickle-down modernization effect from urban industry and western influence to develop a country as a whole. Later theorists have challenged this approach, emphasizing a bottom-up development paradigm, in which countries become self- sufficient through local efforts, and urban industry is not necessary. Rostow also assumes that all countries have a desire to develop in the same way, with the end goal of high mass cons umption, disregarding the diversity of priorities that each society holds and different measures of development. For example, while Singapore is one of the most economically prosperous countries, it also has one of the highest income disparities in the world. Finally, Rostow disregards one of the most fundamental geographical principals: site and situation. Rostow assumes that all countries have an equal chance to develop, without regard to population size, natural resources, or location. Singapore, for instance, has one of the worlds busiest trading ports, but this would not be possible without its advantageous geography as an island nation between Indonesia and Malaysia. In spite of the many critiques of Rostows model, it is still one of the most widely cited development theories and is a primary example of the intersection of geography, economics, and politics. Sources: Binns, Tony, et al. Geographies of Development: An Introduction to Development Studies, 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008. Singapore. CIA World Factbook, 2012. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 August 2012.

Why Does the World Ignore Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Does the World Ignore Africa - Essay Example Despite the abundance in Africa's natural resources it is still one of the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continents. This economy is often the reason for a number of deadly conflicts, guerilla warfare and genocides within different African states: the Darfur conflict. Human rights are also a cause of major cause as they are brutally violated in states like Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone. Basic amenities like healthcare are also severely lacking with deadly diseases and viruses like HIV/AIDS on the rise. With high levels of illiteracy, African states are unable to emerge from their developing status to provide any sort of contribution to the creation of an industrial or service sector. Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation affect the African population. The result is that the situation is severe enough for the last 25 ranks in the United Nations Human Development Report to be African states (Reuters). The reasons given for Africa's backwards condition are diverse and complicated. While countries like the United States swoop in to prevent and curb the spread of AIDS in Africa, little is done for the conflicts ranging in the African states. The civil wars are ignored because the world sees them as wars between the Africans to seize and exploit human rights. Tragedies like the Rwandan genocide were shown by the Western media as just another incident of tribal violence in Africa (Heleta 2009). The weapons used to kill the victims were the most simple and brutal available: men, women and children were hacked to death with simple machetes. The death of nearly a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus by the brutal extremists in Rwanda created not a stir of sympathy or assistance. Instead, the UN Security Council was pressurized by its major components: United States and Britain to cut down the number of UN troops in the region from 2500 to 270, right in the midst of the genocide. The French were no less severe as they were held responsible for training the Hutu troops that attacked the Tutsis, all in the name of retaining their French influence in the region. History today sees Ramada as one of the biggest UN failures not only because of its inability to curb the violence but also because while it drew out troops from Rwanda it increased the numbers being sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina. On a trip to Rwanda in 1998 Clinton did apologize stating "We in the United States and the world community did not do as much as we could have and should have done to try to limit what occurred in Rwanda in 1994" (The Radford Reviews). The question arising is that why did the world not do anything Many claim this to be a move to protect the white man while ignoring the black one. Western governments' were said to be aware of this genocide and yet it did nothing to intervene. So after Rwanda's atrocities why did the developed world not prevent the tragedy of Darfur 300,000 people were killed in this region and no action was taken by any government to intervene. The Darfur Daily News complains and rightly so that the United Nations has been created to prevent such atrocities and has been unable to fulfill its responsibilities (2009). So maybe all the accusations placed on the world for favoring a certain race or ignoring the problems of another country is well-founded in the lack of interest shown for Rwanda and Darfur. It has already been mentioned that Africa has

Trade Unions and High Performance Working Essay

Trade Unions and High Performance Working - Essay Example The government also has not been left behind in passing legislations that ensure protection of worker’s rights. High performance working involves employee involvement and participation, learning and development, teamwork, information sharing, and other HR practices such as talent management, and performance management among others (Cox et al. 2006). The role of trade unions has been declining over the past two decades which bring us to the question as to whether trade union presence enables the British management to develop high performance. To answer this question, the paper will discuss the various high performances work practices in British organisations today and assess their effectiveness in absence of union representation. This is to try to show that despite declining union influence in organisations today, most of the practices require the presence of the union for them to be effective. Another issue of importance is whether an extended coverage of employee rights to of fer protection to workers can be a replacement for union representation given the nature of British laws which allow discretion to management in enforcement. Over the years, women participation in employment has increased but women have yet to achieve equal treatment as their male counterparts, does this require the intervention of unions? Another key debate is the work-life balance. HRM friendly practices claim to enable workers to have flexible working so as to balance work and family life and so are legislations passed to that effect such as the Working Time Regulations, but the question is, â€Å"are workers having a satisfactory work-life balance and what is the role of the union in this matter?† Another issue worthy noting is the current revitalisation efforts by the unions especially through advocacy for lifelong learning. The paper will first give a short history of trade unions to include the structure and changing legal framework of employment relations. The paper w ill then cover the alternative forms of voice both individual and collective and their effectiveness as well as the legal institutions and regulation of workplaces. The increasing role of women in trade union will be discussed and finally the paper will discuss the strategies used to revitalise unions such as use of learning representatives. History of Trade Unions Trade unions in Britain can be traced back to 17th century during the time of crafts trade whereby craftsmen formed guilds to guard their trade. The system of employment relations in place at that time was voluntarism characterised by low regulation or non government intervention in employment issues. The craftspeople carried out their trades at home and engaged the services of family members as apprentices and therefore there was no need for intervention. However, industrialisation changed the nature of employment relations as work turned to the factory system where labour was impersonal. The trade unions became more org anised as various guilds from different parts of the country joined to form unions so as to protect themselves from the effects of the factory system (Hyman, 2001). The role of the earliest unions was to offer mutual assistance to members and to defend their jobs and wages. As crafts trade was wiped out by

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant Abstract This paper describes the planning for an Arabic Restaurant. We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. This supports the intended family income from the restaurant. We actually expect better performance than this. Background This section discusses different material pertains to background information for the project. The purpose of the project We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Reasons for this project Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. Restaurant owners It is hoped that when all of the conditions are met that my husband and I (Salem and Aishah Almutiri) will own this new restaurant Location of the Restaurant We want to open the restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah Street. We could serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. Target Opening Date Wed like to open for business by the end of 2012. Provided Attributes for Customers: The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. Requirements for Employees: Service personnel will be well trained in preparing and serving traditional Arabic meals with frequent refresher training provided. The manager will visit our competitors frequently to stay current. Problems Issues This section describes problems and issues divided under the following categories. Identify and secure a location The restaurant must be suited to the desired restaurant format. It must have separate eating areas for men and women. It must be convenient for the desired clientele that is business men and professionals. We must negotiate a lease with a clear termination clause. Write and price a menu The menu must have a clear composition for start up. It can be changed later as needed. The menu must standard enough so that ordering is convenient but different enough to make the restaurant appealing. It should be colourful and interesting. Pricing is critical. The pricing must draw customers and also make a profit. We want to be in the middle of the prices of our competitors. Investigate Regulations We must identify all building codes and regulations. We will need to know all personnel and clientele safety regulations, especially regarding food preparation and storage conditions. Identify Costs We will need to know all the costs before we begin. This starts with the cost of opening. The building will need to be prepared to suit our needs, particularly the separate eating areas. Well need to price the equipment and furnishing. Well need to price advertising for both the staff and the opening. Well also need to price the necessary licenses and Permits. We also will need to know the continued Cost of operating the restaurant. This will include Lease, insurance, utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Identify funding Well need to prepare a business plan to support funding requests and assure payback. We may need to obtain a loan for the opening. This will probably come from a silent partner or limited partnership. Risk Analysis This section describes the risks we anticipate for the project and the precautions we will take to manage them. Risks Bad Location We could get less traffic or less predictable traffic than expected. We might have a higher crime rate than expected. We might get a less affluent clientele than expected. Staff Problems The Chef or other key staff might leave. Overestimated sales to investment ratio We may spend too much on furniture decorations. The operating expenses may go up, including Lease or rent, and food. Trouble with hired aliens documentation Un-documented workers may cause problems with the authorities. Disturbances at site There may be disagreements between the staff and the customers which could hurt future business. Catastrophic damage Emergencies such as fire, bad weather could cause damage and closures with loss of business. Vandalism and theft could also cause damage. Health problems We could have sickened customers due to contaminated food. Failure to manage bookkeeping We could experience employee theft or unexpected taxes. Expand facility beyond customer demand We may expand capacity and not get the expected increased business. Risk Management Examine proposed Location Well need to determine the expected flow of traffic and verify the traffic in the area for different days and months. Well need to minimize the threat of crime. We can do this by Verifying a low crime rate and by interviewing the police and the neighbours. We can also restrict operating hours to avoid late night traffic. Establish client quality Well need to observe dress of people and vehicles in the proposed area before committing to the location. Avoid Staff problems We want to offer the staff competitive salaries and incentives for staying. We should also give key personnel, such as the chef, some form of profit sharing. Assure healthy sales to investment ratio We must limit opening expenses, such as the costs of furniture and decorations. Assure operating expenses are as stable as possible: We must negotiate a good lease with a predicable rent. We should determine reliable food suppliers nearby to the site. Avoid trouble with hired aliens documentation Well need to determine and follow all government regulations concerning foreign workers. We should not hire any undocumented workers. Minimize Disturbances at site We will establish good relations with all staff, and promote a culture of respect. Well Train the staff to handle difficult customers with role-playing. The management should set the example in all interactions with the staff. Mitigate risk of catastrophic damage: We should carry sufficient catastrophe insurance to cover reasonable anticipated damage. Avoid Health problems: We should get proper health certification from the appropriate agencies. Well need to learn and observe all of the relevant health regulations. We will assure that the staff is properly trained regarding these regulations. Manage bookkeeping: We will hire a good accountant to check the books. Well inform the staff that cheating will result in dismissal. Avoid risky Expansion of facility We will assure that any expansion plan is well justified by a carefully revised business plan. Costs In this section we will describe opening and continuing costs. Opening costs Well need to pay fees for various licenses. Well need to prepare the building. We will need to negotiate a good lease and pay the first months rent and deposit. The estimated monthly cost for a typical property (1500 sq. ft at $14) would be $21,000 per month. Well need to buy equipment and furnishings. Table 1 Opening Cost Item $US SR Rate $1 3.75 Building preparation(separate eating areas) $30,060 112,725.00 licenses and Permits (at .2% of cost) $60 225.00 Contractors for modifications installations $30,000 112,500.00 First month and deposit $42,000 157,500.00 Equipment $40,500 ÂÂ  151,875.00 Kitchen $16,800 63,000.00 Stove $6,600 24,750.00 Sinks $1,500 5,625.00 Refrigeration $2,000 7,500.00 Dishwasher $2,000 7,500.00 Preparation tables $700 2,625.00 Cookware $5,000 18,750.00 Dry storage area $1,000 3,750.00 Dining room $20,800 78,000.00 Chairs Tables (290=180 seats) $18,000 67,500.00 Decoration (budget) $500 1,875.00 Wait stations $800 3,000.00 Beverage Dispensers $1,500 5,625.00 Reception $1,900 7,125.00 Front desk $400 1,500.00 Waiting area furniture $1,000 3,750.00 2 Cash Registers $500 1,875.00 Advertising $1,000 3,750.00 For staff $500 1,875.00 For opening. $500 1,875.00 First month operating cost $74,641 279,903.75 All Opening costs $187,201 702,003.75 Red=Group total; Blue = Sub-Total Total Opening cost will be $187,201or 702,003.75 SR Operating costs This will include Lease, insurance (based on 10% annually for investment), utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Table 2 Operating Cost Item $US SR Lease $21,000 78,750.00 Interest $1560.01 5850.00 Insurance $1,800.00 6,750.00 Utilities $900.00 3,375.00 Electricity $500.00 1,875.00 Gas $200.00 750.00 Water $200.00 750.00 Staff Salaries $10,000.00 37,500.00 1 Chef $1,500.00 5,625.00 3 Kitchen helpers $300.00 1,125.00 4 Servers $400.00 1,500.00 2 buss people $300.00 1,125.00 2 Receptionists $500.00 1,875.00 Staff Food Lodging* $7,000.00 26,250.00 Food Beverages $24,000.00 90,000.00 Non Food Consumables $16,000.00 60,000.00 Total cost $75,260.00 $276,375.00 Red=Group total *Compensation will include food and lodging Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. Project Profit A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this. Table 3 Meal Revenue Item $US SR Meal $30 112.50 People $90 337.50 Meals $3 11.25 Days $7 26.25 Weeks rev $56,700 212,625.00 Months rev $243,810 914,287.50 Months profit $168,550 632,062.47 Summary We have investigated opening an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant: separate service for men by men and for women by women slightly affected the opening cost. It is to be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The intent was to make enough money to support the family and this seems justified. We intended to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this.

The Decline of Moral Education from the 1950s to Today

Civilization of nations depends on moral character and attitudes of its people. It is acquired by education and training of its people. Education starts right from childhood and is an essential prerequisite for developing a good moral character. Education of a child plays a vital role in improving his/her behavior. It is a very important and vital step that education should be designed in a way that should help children develop a good character. But unfortunately, this is not the case. Our education system has declined to a level that our new generation is not aware of moral behavior and attitude. Educating a child does not solely rely on the shoulders of a school but it depends on different people according to their role. Education of a child is dependant on teachers, parents and administrators of educational process. The main participants are parents. Parents are the first place for child where he learns a lot from their own character and how they behave and teach a child. Parents are mainly responsible for bringing the child to maturity and develop their moral character. However, if state schools try to take over this responsibility and then train and educate them in a way to serve the governmental goals, though it might ruin their morals is a deteriorating condition in our education. States and school are not focusing on the moral behavior and attitudes. Our education system must be to make today’s children tomorrow’s leader. Leadership qualities determine those traits and characteristics of a person that will make him to lead people, an organization and/or a business. Leadership qualities may vary according to the situations, organizations and tasks. There are different leadership models and their qualities depend on the context of the environment they need to work in. One of the most important leadership qualities is that a leader is always determined, persuasive and work for their best. It is well understood by them that there is always a room for improvement. Excellence is what they want to achieve and whatever they do. They have a strong desire to do their best and perform outstandingly. The workforce they create is organized, unified, disciplined, cooperative and very productive. They keep setting new standards and carve new ways to improve and bring change. A very important aspect of leadership is that leader always makes others feel honored and valued. He never makes them feel bad for their mistakes, or criticizes them. Instead he is always an example for his employee and p lays a role model for them. Leader always work for others and willing to serve them. Doing this he never feels inferior or secondary. Serving others gains respect. Helping out others gain their respect and admiration. Employees make the workforce of an organization; failing to motivate them and help them could result in failure of an organization on the whole. A very important aspect of education is to be tolerant of other and removing discrimination among different ethical groups. Diversity refers to the grouping of different people from wide array of ethnic, cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. Diversity implies that being tolerant of racial groups from different backgrounds and to give them equal rights at workplace, education, tourism and entertainment. Diversity programs in business, education, and employment strive to provide equal opportunities for minority groups to let them participate in all aspects of life. Diversity implies respect and protection of equal rights for others equally as we are enjoying them. As being part of American society, a nation that has most diverse and different groups of people, it is important to look beyond the limits of differences among people. If we are well developed world we should come out of the notion of race, color and identity. Democracy can be implemented well in a nation by removing the barriers of conventional identities and discriminating each others. If admissions are not given on equal basis then how the constitution will give equal protection? Practical implementation of Affirmative Action would diminish traditional set back of minority groups who were not given privileges in the schools and profession earlier. But now there is a strong need to reduce this racial and gender discrimination. For advancement of our society and to keep the infrastructure of the nation strong it is the very important and fundamental point. In addition, affirmative action will let schools and profession to obtain more benefits from the talents of diverse groups of people belonging to different gender and race (Gurin, 2002). The reason for this is that suppose if a school is declining admission to a person who obtained very good scores in his/her test, solely on the basis that s/he is a black or among other minority group, who knows that the same person could later become an eminent personality. By contrary if it grants admission to a white person who deserved less marks may later become a poor professional. The most important reason for affirmative action is to give all rights to the people who deserve their positions in the medical schools. Further to end racial preferences among students of different schools. There must be different alternative methods develop to stop violence at school. Environment at school greatly influences student’s learning skills. References State Education and the Decline of Morality Paul A. Cleveland http://www.leaderu.com/offices/cleveland/docs/education.html Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview. Studies in Moral Development and Education. http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview.html Gurin, Patricia, Day, Eric L., Hurtado, Sylvia & Gurin, Gerald. â€Å"Diversity and Higher Education: Theory and Impact on Educational Outcomes,† Harvard Educational Review, 72 (Fall 2002), 330-337.   

Chapter 4 Was A Great Read, I Feel As Though This World

Chapter 4 was a great read, I feel as though this world often creates many stereotypes about illnesses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, clinical Depression, and many other mental afflictions within the youth. Another that seems to remain controversial and misunderstood is sexual compulsive behavior that the youth have. Many see it as an excuse to act a certain way, or think a certain way; in reality it is a serious mental disorder that can cause devastating effects on the people that are consumed by them and the people who are around them. Something that is however, known about sexual compulsive behaviors is that there are certain things that can emotionally damage a person and cause them to have these behaviors. The three major†¦show more content†¦And if it is not addressed properly, then it cannot be fixed correctly. I know watching a family member continue to fight this battle is very hard. And the youth these days do not see the harm that they are doing to themselves. He is actually fighting for his life now as the results of every type of drug abuse and alcohol abuse you can think of. Young people need to be good listeners, be accepting and don’t have a negative mind. Drug abuse is thought to be a multidetermined, maladaptive way of coping with life problems that often become habitual and leads to a progressive deterioration in life circumstances. Drug abuse is a disease in its own way. It’s damaging, mentally, physically and emotionally with each party involved. When it comes to each party involved that also means family members as well. Youth will find a way to but some sort of blame of the family for their drug addiction. Family members can be a crucial part or a great aspect of the therapy depending the situation or how important that family member plays a role in their life. Family plays an important role in our emotional development since each individual in the family system impacts and its impacted by the others. 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